SCENES AND SEQUELS

A scene is a passage of fiction in which a character attempts to achieve a goal.

A sequel  is a passage of fiction in which a character reacts reflectively to a scene.

This page includes three articles:

• "Scene and Sequel: The Ebb and Flow of Fiction"
• "Prototype Scene"
• "Prototype Sequel"

by Mike Klaassen

 Scene and sequel are two of the most important components of plot, but they also seem to be two of the least understood.  If plot were an engine, scene and sequel would be the pistons powering the drive shaft.  Writers striving to turbocharge their writing might want to fine-tune their use of scene and sequel.   

Let’s put plot structure in context.  On a microlevel, plot consists of action and reaction.  On a macrolevel, plot has a beginning, a middle, and an ending.  But plot also has a midlevel structure: scene and sequel.    Scene is a unit of drama—where the action occurs.  Then, after a transition of some sort, comes the sequel—an emotional reaction and regrouping, an aftermath.    

The structures of scene and sequel are quite different, and they serve entirely different purposes.  Many how-to books depict the rising action of a story as a jagged line, or stairway.  What they fail to explain is that the up-thrust lines represent scenes, while the down-sloping lines represent sequels.  A scene drives the story forward like a wave racing up the beach.  A sequel pulls the wave back and gathers strength for the next scene to surge up the beach even farther than the previous scene.  A novel without scenes would be boring, but without sequels, a story is just one event after another.   

Let’s take a closer look at scenes.  Fiction-writing books mention at least a few of the following as being important to plot: tension, suspense, resolution, motivation, goals, stakes, obstacles, conflict, success, and failure.  But most don’t mention all of these elements, nor do they explain how they work together as part of a scene.    

Basically, this is how a fully developed scene works. 

• * The scene setup establishes the point of view, which in many cases is that of the scene’s main character.  The setup also establishes setting, including time, especially in relation to the last scene or sequel.  
• * The character has motivation to achieve a specific goal and moves to achieve it. 
• Failure to achieve the goal would result in the loss of something meaningful, i.e., stakes. 
• An obstacle complicates the character’s achievement of the goal. 
• This creates conflict, which results in frustration for the character and tension for the reader. 
• Since the character is properly motivated and the stakes are adequate for the situation, he tries to overcome the obstacle again and fails again and again, often in the give-and-take form of stimulus and response.  
• This creates doubt as to whether the character will succeed, thus raising the level of suspense for the reader. 
• The character is confined somehow to the situation, and since he has narrowing options and no outlet, pressure rises to a breaking point. 
• The character tries yet again to overcome the obstacle, and this time (often his third attempt) his efforts climax, followed by the scene resolution. 
• Resolution may be in the form of either success or failure, to one degree or another, depending on the needs of the story.  
• Since outright success too early in the story would be anti-climatic, the more likely scene resolution would be bittersweet success, outright failure, partial failure, or failure that leaves the character even farther from his goals than when the scene started.    

In one scene of my young-adult novel Cracks, the main character is driving an old Chevy Suburban through the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas.  Before he accomplishes his goal of reaching the highway, he must fend off the other characters, navigate a winding mountain road, and avoid hazards created by earthquakes.  The scene ends in disaster which sets up a sequel and, ultimately, the rest of the story.    Once the scene has reached its resolution, the scene is over.  And after an appropriate transition, the sequel may begin.  

Jack M. Bickham, in Scene and Structure, presents a comprehensive explanation of sequel and its use. Basically, this is how a fully developed sequel works: 

• The resolution of the scene has left the character in a state of emotion, most likely frustration since the outcome was probably something less than outright success. 
• As the character gains control of his feelings, he enters a time of thought where he begins to reason through the situation.  
• In the process, the main character will review recent events.  
• He will enter a phase of analysis to digest facts and better understand his predicament, including alternative courses of action available. 
• From analysis will emerge a phase of planning regarding the next step.  
• Once the character has planned his next move, he must make a decision to proceed. 
• Then the character must act upon his decision, thus setting up the next scene.    

In my novel The Brute, a sixteen-year-old boy is frustrated in his attempt to summon emergency help.  A flooded creek blocks his route from the ranch house to the highway.  Exhausted and discouraged, he plops down on an outcropping of rock.  He begins to think the situation through, to review his predicament, and to analyze it.  A plan emerges.  He makes a decision to act, then proceeds to the next scene with a clear goal in mind.    

One of the advantages of writing in scenes and sequels is flexibility.  To meet the pacing needs of the story, scenes and sequels and their various components may be lengthened, shortened, skipped, or reversed in order.  As Bickham explains, scenes and sequels may be difficult to recognize in published novels precisely because authors have varied their use to fit the needs of the story.  Flexibility in the use of scene and sequel allows the author to create an emotional roller coaster of ups, downs, twists, turns, and loops to engage and entertain the reader. 

If your writing lacks get-up-and-go or seems to sputter like an engine in need of maintenance, maybe it’s time for an overhaul of your scenes and sequels.    

Copyright 2007 

Michael John Klaassen 

Mike Klaassen's book Scenes and Sequels: How to Write Page-Turning Fiction is available for order in paperback and ebook editions at traditional and online bookstores everywhere. Order your copy today.

by Mike Klaassen

The following prototype builds on information presented in Techniques of a Selling Writer  (1965), by Dwight V. Swain (1915-1992) and Scene & Structure (1993), by Jack M. Bickham (1930-1997).  A prototype is an ideal, a fully developed model. This is how a prototype scene works.

• The scene setup establishes setting, including time, especially in relation to the last scene or sequel. The setup also establishes the point of view, which in many cases is that of the scene’s main character, and the character's situation, his predicament.  The scene setup, through a combination of situation and setting, establishes a scene crucible, confining circumstances that limit the choices available to the character to deal with his predicament (so the character can't easily walk away from the situation).
• The character has a goal.
• Failure to achieve the goal would have undesirable consequences, i.e., stakes.
• A goal with stakes creates character motivation.
• The character makes an attempt to achieve his goal.
  
•  Resistance complicates the character’s attempt.
  
• This creates conflict, which results in frustration for the character.
  
• Conflict also creates uncertainty as to whether the character will achieve his goal and tension in the mind of the reader.
  
• Since the character is properly motivated and the stakes are adequate, he attempts to overcome resistance more than once.
  
• Uncertainty about the outcome of the conflict draws out over time, creating suspense for the reader.
  
• The character tries yet again (his third attempt) to overcome the obstacle.
  
• Since the character is confined to the situation somehow by the crucible, and since he has narrowing options and no outlet, pressure rises to a breaking point at the scene climax.
  
• The outcome of the scene climax is the resolution, which may be either success or failure, or some variation of either.  At the end of the resolution, the scene is over.  
  

Copyright 2013

Michael John Klaassen 

by Mike Klaassen

The following prototype builds on information presented in Techniques of a Selling Writer  (1965), by Dwight V. Swain (1915-1992) and Scene & Structure (1993), by Jack M. Bickham (1930-1997).  A prototype is an ideal, a fully developed model. This is how a prototype scene works.

• The scene setup establishes setting, including time, especially in relation to the last scene or sequel. The setup also establishes the point of view, which in many cases is that of the scene’s main character, and the character's situation, his predicament.  The scene setup, through a combination of situation and setting, establishes a scene crucible, confining circumstances that limit the choices available to the character to deal with his predicament (so the character can't easily walk away from the situation).
• The character has a goal.
• Failure to achieve the goal would have undesirable consequences, i.e., stakes.
• A goal with stakes creates character motivation.
• The character makes an attempt to achieve his goal.
  
•  Resistance complicates the character’s attempt.
  
• This creates conflict, which results in frustration for the character.
  
• Conflict also creates uncertainty as to whether the character will achieve his goal and tension in the mind of the reader.
  
• Since the character is properly motivated and the stakes are adequate, he attempts to overcome resistance more than once.
  
• Uncertainty about the outcome of the conflict draws out over time, creating suspense for the reader.
  
• The character tries yet again (his third attempt) to overcome the obstacle.
  
• Since the character is confined to the situation somehow by the crucible, and since he has narrowing options and no outlet, pressure rises to a breaking point at the scene climax.
  
• The outcome of the scene climax is the resolution, which may be either success or failure, or some variation of either.  At the end of the resolution, the scene is over.  
  

Copyright 2013

Michael John Klaassen